This is a quick cheat-sheet for the most commonly used Docker Commands.
List Docker CLI commands
docker docker container --help
Display Docker version and info
docker --version docker version docker info
Excecute Docker image
docker run hello-world
List Docker images
docker image ls
List Docker containers (running, all, all in quiet mode)
docker container ls docker container ls -all docker container ls -a -q
Start docker daemon
docker -d
Start a container with an interactive shell
docker run -ti <image_name> /bin/bash
"shell" into a running container (docker-1.3+)
docker exec -ti <container_name> bash
inspect a running container
docker inspect <container_name> (or <container_id>)
Get the process ID for a container
docker inspect --format {{.State.Pid}} <container_name_or_ID>
List the current mounted volumes for a container (and pretty print)
docker inspect --format='{{json .Volumes}}' <container_id> | python -mjson.tool
Copy files/folders between a container and your host
docker cp foo.txt mycontainer:/foo.txt
List currently running containers
docker ps
List all containers
docker ps -a
List all images
docker images
To dive deeper down this rabbit hole: Docker Cheat Sheet. This is a great and very thorough reference.